List of Organs Damaged by Smoking Expanded

Smoking causes diseases in nearly every organ of the body, according to a comprehensive report on smoking and health from the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Published 40 years after the surgeon generals first report on smoking -- which concluded that smoking was a definite cause of three serious diseases -- this newest report finds that cigarette smoking is conclusively linked to diseases such as leukemia, cataracts, pneumonia, and cancers of the cervix, kidney, pancreas, and stomach. Weve known for decades that smoking is bad for your health, but this report shows that its even worse than we knew, said U.S. Surgeon General Richard H. Carmona in a press release. The toxins from cigarette smoke go everywhere the blood flows. Im hoping this new information will help motivate people to quit smoking and convince young people not to start in the first place. According to the report, smoking kills an estimated 440,000 Americans each year. On average, men who smoke cut their lives short by 13.2 years, and female smokers lose 14.5 years. The economic toll exceeds $157 billion each year in the United States -- $75 billion in direct medical costs and $82 billion in lost productivity. We need to cut smoking in this country and around the world, HHS Secretary Tommy G. Thompson said. Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death and disease, costing us too many lives, too many dollars, and too many tears. If we are going to be serious about improving health and preventing disease we must continue to drive down tobacco use. And we must prevent our youth from taking up this dangerous habit. In 1964, the Surgeon Generals report announced medical research showing that smoking was a definite cause of cancers of the lung and larynx (voice box) in men and chronic bronchitis in both men and women. Later reports concluded that smoking causes a number of other diseases such as cancers of the bladder, esophagus, mouth, and throat; cardiovascular diseases; and reproductive effects. The report, The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General, expands the list of illness and conditions linked to smoking. The new illnesses and diseases are cataracts, pneumonia, acute myeloid leukemia, abdominal aortic aneurysm, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, kidney cancer and periodontitis. Statistics indicate that more than 12 million Americans have died from smoking since the 1964 report of the surgeon general, and another 25 million Americans alive today will most likely die of a smoking-related illness. The reports release comes in advance of World No Tobacco Day, an annual event on May 31 that focuses global attention on the health hazards of tobacco use. The goals of World No Tobacco Day are to raise awareness about the dangers of tobacco use, encourage people not to use tobacco, motivate users to quit and encourage countries to implement comprehensive tobacco control programs. Impacts of Smoking on Overall Health The report concludes that smoking reduces the overall health of smokers, contributing to such conditions as hip fractures, complications from diabetes, increased wound infections following surgery, and a wide range of reproductive complications. For every premature death caused each year by smoking, there are at least 20 smokers living with a serious smoking-related illness. Another major conclusion, consistent with recent findings of other scientific studies, is that smoking so-called low-tar or low-nicotine cigarettes does not offer any health benefit over smoking regular or full-flavor cigarettes. There is no safe cigarette, whether it is called light, ultra-light, or any other name, Dr. Carmona said. The science is clear: the only way to avoid the health hazards of smoking is to quit completely or to never start smoking. The report concludes that quitting smoking has immediate and long-term benefits, reducing risks for diseases caused by smoking and improving health in general. Within minutes and hours after smokers inhale that last cigarette, their bodies begin a series of changes that continue for years, Dr. Carmona said. Among these health improvements are a drop in heart rate, improved circulation, and reduced risk of heart attack, lung cancer, and stroke. By quitting smoking today a smoker can assure a healthier tomorrow. Dr. Carmona said it is never too late to stop smoking. Quitting smoking at age 65 or older reduces by nearly 50 percent a persons risk of dying of a smoking-related disease. Unexpected Organs Damaged by Smoking Aside from the major organs—heart, lungs, brain, stomach, etc.—cigarette smoking and excessive exposure to secondhand smoke can cause damage to some unexpected parts of the body, according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Ears: By reducing the flow of oxygen to the cochlea, a snail-shaped organ in the inner ear, smoking can damage the cochlea, resulting in mild to moderate hearing loss.   Eyes: Besides increasing the risk of blindness from cataracts, nicotine from cigarettes reduces the body’s ability to produce the chemical necessary for being able to see at night, especially dangerous when driving after dark. Mouth: Long known for causing disfiguring and potentially fatal oral cancers, cigarette smoke is now known to cause smokers to have more mouth sores, ulcers and gum diseases than non-smokers. In addition, smokers are more likely to have tooth decay and lose their teeth at a younger age. Skin and Face: By causing the skin to become dry and lose its elasticity, smoking can lead to stretch marks and wrinkles. By their early 30s, many regular smokers have already developed deep wrinkles around their mouth and eyes. According to the NHLBI, quitting smoking can protect the skin from premature aging.

American History The Mexican American War - 1363 Words

Throughout American History, started from Jamestown Americans started to settle upon Native American land by wiping them out or forcing them to move west. By 1846 throughout 1848, Americans approach Mexican territory’s land which they were eager to conquer and Manifest Density that was unstoppable and a goal for the United States. The conflict was the Mexicans weren t going to give up their land because of a selfish belief and were provoked to go to war against a stronger nation. A war broke out known as the Mexican-American War. In 1846 throughout 1848, a war to conquer land from Mexico were orders held by James K. Polk. An unjust war is about to occur, In 1846 Texas becomes Independent from Mexico and the United States. To begin with, Mexico approves for the Americans to settle onto Texas with one condition to not bring slaves along with them. During this time period, slavery was one of the most important political concerns and they opposed slavery. The Americans didn’t hold the values of anti-slavery, during this time they valued Manifest Density strongly. Accepting some restrictions from Mexico placed was nothing compared to its own destiny to occur from preventing America to stretch outward towards the Pacific Ocean. The main conflict started with the annexation of Texas, a dispute on the nation’s border, the Mexicans consider the Nueces river to be the border of Texas as for Americans that wasn’t enough land so they consider, Rio Grande the border. A way to aim toShow MoreRelated American History : The Mexican American War Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pagesformation of the United States, war has been a constant factor within the political sphere. From these wars the U.S obtained power, land, and status unseen and unparalleled by any civilization in humankind. One of the earliest wars that allowed the United States to grow into the global power it is today was the Mexican-American war. This war not only shaped American politics for decades, but also fueled the sectional crisis that culminated into the infamous Civil War. Being the new country’s firstRead MoreMexican History : Mexican American War, Cinco De Mayo, And The Mexican Revolution1273 Words   |  6 PagesWithin Mexican history, there are so many major events that occurred to shape Mexico into what it is today. However, there are a few specific events that had more of an impact on Mexico than others. Those events were the Pastry War, the Mexican-American War, Cinco de Mayo, and the Mexican Revol ution. These events were the results of conflicts with the people of France, America, and Mexico itself. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, dictator of Mexico at the time, played an immense role in Mexican historyRead MoreThe Mexican American War : An Important Part Of United States History Essay1928 Words   |  8 PagesMany historians consider the Mexican-American war to be an important part of United States’ history. It allowed the young nation to uncover what their true values were and come into its potential as a world power. The Mexican-American war cemented the United States’ role as a world power as the people banded together and put aside differences to secure the supremacy of their way of life. It expanded the values of the American society beyond parochial lives and improved the overall quality of lifeRead MoreThe Mexican-American War Essay870 Words   |  4 Pagesdisregard for the toll a war can take on human lives. When the Alamo was fought back in February 1836, it was about the independence of Texas from Mexico. In retaliation of the death and destruction of hu man life, Sam Houston retaliated in April and killed 630 Mexican soldiers and took General Santa Anna prisoner (Tindall Shi, 2010). This was the start of the independence of Texas and the quest for annexation into the United States, which ultimately led to the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848. ThisRead MoreEssay about The Mexican War by Otis A. Singletary590 Words   |  3 Pagesaspects of the Mexican war. It is a compelling description and concise history of the first successful offensive war in United States military history. The work examines two countries that were unprepared for war. The political intrigues and quarrels in appointing the military commanders, as well as the military operations of the war, are presented and analyzed in detail. The author also analyzes the role that the Mexican War played in bringing on the U.S. Civil War. The Mexican-American War of the 1840sRead MoreEssay The Mexican-American War1216 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mexican-American War. The Mexican-American war was a process of years of battles between the Mexicans and Americans but I think after this informational paper, you’ll seem to know a little bit more knowledge about it. How it all started, well in the beginning, the Americans and Mexicans both wanted to control Texas, but at the time it was a part of the Mexican territory, well soon enough Americans wanted control over it so badly that they started to travel into Texas’s land. Part of the reasonRead MoreEssay about The Mexican War as an Exercise in American Imperialism1152 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mexican War as an Exercise in American Imperialism The US government believed firmly in the doctrine of Manifest destiny, the government argued that they had the right and duty to expand through North American because it was necessary and inevitable. During the 19th century Mexico dominated a large amount of North America which was inhabited by American settlers and the American government aimed to expand the USA from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and wereRead MoreEssay on The Mexican-American War1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe Mexican-American war determined the destiny of the United States of America, it determined whether or not it would become a world power and it established the size of the United States of America. Perhaps the war was inevitable due to the idea of Manifest Destiny - Americans thought they had the divine right to extend their territory. The Mexican-American War started mainly because of the annexation of the Republic of Texas (established in 1836 after breaking away from Mexico). The United StatesRead MoreThe Mexican American War Essay1223 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States of America has been through many wars, wars concerning many things such as land oil, pride and respect. However, when the United States went to war with Mexico, it was planned over greed. The Mexican- American war was a war provoked by the United States, in efforts to expand the coasts of the country. Mexico was a small under priv ileged country who had previously to the war had already lost part of their country (Texas). Needless to say this war was cut throat and violent, it was howeverRead More The Mexican War Essay711 Words   |  3 PagesThe Mexican War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The factors that started the Mexican War lay heavily on American shoulders. Whether if the factors were created by social, political or economical needs, they have all become the center of attention for the question of being a national interest or disgrace. However, the Americans felt that they existed for â€Å"†¦spreading the blessings of peace.† according to Andrew Jackson. There will always be controversy between the two sides of this matter, the Americans who feel that it

A Little Cloud Review Free Essays

A Little Cloud 1. Context in Dubliners: This is the first section in Maturity 2. A brief synopsis: It has been eight years that Little Chandler and his friend, Gallaher have seen each other. We will write a custom essay sample on A Little Cloud: Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now While Little Chandler walks to the bar to meet up with his friend, he wonders how much he is impressed with Gallaher’s writing career. He loves poetry; nonetheless, he gave it all up when he got married. While they are sitting at the bar, drinking whiskey and smoking cigars, both Gallaher and Little Chandler talks about foreign cities, marriages and their future. Little Chandler is amazed how bad Gallaher looks. Galleher blames its on stress. Gallaher states that he rather has bunch of women rather than being bored with one. After the long conversation, Gallaher have to leave. Later that night, Little Chandler watches his son while waiting for his wife to come home. He sits and wonders; questioning his marriage. When his wife finally arrives home, she scream at Little Chandler, which made Little Chandler realize that what he was thinking was reckless. 3. Character List: a. Gallaher: An old friend of Little Chandler.A man that Little Chandler is jealous because of his successful in pursing his dream in a writing career and foreign traveler. b. Little Chandler: A married man who gave up his dream as a writer for the woman he married. After seeing his old friend Gallaher, Little Chandler thinks and wonders that if he hasn’t got married. He would have followed his dream. His epiphany that made him realize that he like the way he is right now and he will never change his life. 4. Religious Connotations/symbols: a. â€Å"Little Chandler allowed his whisky to be very much diluted† (60). . Shows that he have very high expectation b. â€Å"‘You’re the very same serious person that used to lecture me on Sunday mornings when I had a sore†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (61). i. Sunday signify as the day people would go to church.5. Example of Figurative Language: a. â€Å"The light and noise of the bar held him at the doorways for a few moments† (60). b. â€Å"He looked coldly into the eyes of the photograph and they answered coldly. Certainly they were pretty and the face itself was pretty†¦. those dark oriental eyes, he thought, how full they are od passion, of voluptuous longing!†¦ hy had he married the eyes in the photograph† (66). i. This lead him to question himself to why did he marry his wife. 6. Significant Quotes: a. â€Å"He remembered the books of poetry upon his shelves at home. He had bought them in his bachelor days and many an evening, as he sat in the little room of the hall, he had been tempted to take one down from the bookshelf and read out something to his wife. But shyness always held him back; and so the books had remained on their shelves† (58). i. The passion for becoming a poet has disappeared because he left it all behind for his wife.He would always daydream about having a life as a poet, which in turn led him to question about his marriage. Nonetheless, he felt remorse about this. b. â€Å"Little Chandler felt his cheeks suffused with shame and he stood back out of the lamplight. He listened while the paroxysm of the child’s sobbing grew less and less; and tears of remorse started to his eyes† (67). i. This is when Little Chandler has his epiphany. 7. Theme: Love over passion 8. Tone: envious a. The tone is envious because after Little Chandler saw his old friend. He wishes he was able to do what he has passion for. Moreover, it made him to think nonsense about his marriage. How to cite A Little Cloud: Review, Papers

Evidence Based Nursing Research Ministry of Health

Question: Describe about the Evidence Based Nursing Research for Ministry of Health. Answer: Introduction Dementia is defined by the Ministry of Health as the condition of gradual loss of mind function as a result of changes in brain structure. Living with dementia currently requires one to get support from friends and family to cope up with relatively lifestyle changes (Barnes, M. Brannelly, T. 2008). There are many dementia models that have been proposed based on person, service or care delivery to the persons with dementia. It is critical for a single model to be implemented in the dementia-friendly care rooms such as toilets and bathrooms. Implementation of the best model takes into account project implementation cycle (Lynne M. 2012). Implementation of dementia model requires consideration of demographic, socio-cultural, environmental and ethical factors as described by Lou, F. (2012). The following is literature review on models of dementia and with aim identifying one model that can be implemented in dementia-friendly ward. Dementia models Dementia has become an everyday issue that has received attention nationally and internationally. There are numerous researches that have been conducted to improve on conditions in and around dementia care facilities. There are many models that have been proposed to help care for dementia patients. According to Mental Health Commission (2012), some models are the social model of dementia care, person center model, palliative care model, nursing home care model, dementia environmental friendly model, and supportive model. Person-centered model is a model that is based on 4 key factors namely value, individual, social and perspective. Firstly, the model works on the value of the person with dementia (Christie, J. Cunningham, C. 2011). The value of person suffering from dementia should be accepted and respected in the society. Secondly, individual part of the model refers people with dementia as special individuals. Thirdly, social aspect holds to the environment of individuals with dementia. Finally, person-centered dementia model according to N.T.G. (2012) has perspective aspect that shows peoples the perspective of dementia patients. In addition, Sampson, L. (2010) indicate that person-centered model uphold the personhood, the status that encompasses human being and social being. Similar model by David, S. (2015) termed the person-centered model as butterfly model. Butterfly model implies helping dementia people, being friendly and providing everything to them. Social care model of the dementia is defined by Clare, L et al (2008) as the element of cognitive or rather than medical. The main aim of this model as stated by Molnar, J., et al. (2012) is to instill the sense of belonging on dementia so as to stimulate their mind for cognitive responses. Moreover, home like furniture offers the best way to make dementia person to feel social and free while dull hospital furniture is removed to increase social activities. Taking care of the dementia persons according to social model means restoring personal responsibility and place in the society. A study conducted by (Palliative Care Council of New Zealand 2012) in New Zealand shows that through funding of District Health Board DHB realize the importance of instituting social units called residential care for dementia persons. Furthermore, assessment is done to verify persons suitability for residential care centres in case they can no longer survive at home. Similar study was conducted in Austral ia by Carroll, M. (2008) and found that different social groups are made to facilitate movement from one continuum to another. Some of the social groups are Well Aged group, Transition group and Frail Aged group. The study further highlights self management, service flexibility and addressing the care complexity. Palliative care model of dementia care is another dementia care model described by Kelly, F. Innes, A. (2010). Palliative care model emphasize on life affirmation, pain relief and holistic care to persons with dementia. Similar study conducted in England by Ryan, T., et al (2002) shows that palliative care for dementia is important as nurses had to provide care support to person at any place including washrooms. The study further set the goal of quality life for patient. On holistic care, psychological, spiritual, biological and social care is readily given to the dementia person. Much care is taken to avoid sickness for people taking care of dementia patients as care givers often falls sick and even die from exhaustion (Palliative Care Council of New Zealand 2012). The environments model focus on designing dementia-friendly wards such as bathrooms and toilets. The environmental friendly model focuses on designing and innovatively coming up with toilets and bathrooms that does not cause distress to the dementia people but instead help them accesses this rooms. Study conducted by Chenoweth, L., Jeon, Y. (2007), indicate that toilets are the places that still pose challenge to the dementia patients either in hospitals or any other care facility. Designing of toilets and bathrooms consider factors described by Brawley, E. (2006) such as colors, non slippery floor mats, toilet seats and handrails are in the easy and accessible to persons with dementia. To innovatively use these factors, firstly, colors should be contrasting to enable these patients see the different parts of toilets such as walls and toilet seat. Secondly, Fleming, R. Bennett, K. (2014) describes floor of ward to have non slippery mat or rough tiles to prevent them from falling. Supportive model of dementia include provision of all the necessary care the dementia person need in the course of their life. Supportive care can also means giving care to the whole person that includes psychological, spiritual and social at the practical level. Bell, V. et al (2008) defines supportive care as the model that work to provide persons preference, desires, and personality to realize the good quality of life. A study conducted in the UK by Christie, J. Cunningham, C. (2011) explains the supportive care model as responding to individuals dementia care need in supporting them. This study concurs with environment friendly model on providing personal preferred environment to patient. Nursing care model also refers to greenhouse care model is concerned with application of nursing principles of care in taking care of dementia patient at any care facility. Some of the principles that are used in nursing care model include communication, eating bathing, walking and handling of behaviors. Firstly, research conducted by Alzheimer society (2016) indicates that since dementia normally has effect on persons communication ability. Therefore, nursing care is needed to help dementia patients respond to different elements of communications. Secondly, eating is one of the basic elements of care that the patient need to have as per the study by Nolan et al (2002). This implies that nurse should be able to assist the patient to know how to eat and drink. Thirdly, another research by Dewing, J. (2007) shows that it is important to assist the patients with dementia to walk and move around as excises. Environmental friendly model Based on the above study of models the model that can be used in my current workplace is environmental friendly model is the most applicable. Based on Sherry L. et al (2011) study, the dementia-friendly environment model focus on innovation design of toilets and bathrooms to assist dementia patients to feel cared for and loved. Dementia-friendly environment model is person based dementia model. According to Aud, A. (2004), environmental friendly model is currently the best model to use in dementia-friendly care facilities. In addition, environmental friendly model is applied to building and construction of newly developed hospitals and other health care facilities across the country (Brawley, E. 2006 and Brawley, E. 2008). The model needs to be implemented because of some reasons which are termed as principles of model. There are some principles cited by Fleming, R. and Bennett, K. (2014) for environmental friendly dementia wards. Some of these principles are risk reduction, movement support, familiar space, community link, environmental audit, interaction with other people and cost effectiveness. The dementia-friendly environment model applies principle of risk reduction in care facilities. Designing of the toilets or washrooms require the architecture that has absolute risk free environment that is friendly to dementia patients. A similar study conducted in Australia by Leibrock, C. (2000) shows that fitting of toilets grills should be done in the safest way to minimise risk as possible. Furthermore, door of washrooms should be designed to keep opening to easy the movement of patients in and out of the room. Floor should be non slippery with ideal rough mat to allow movement without any risk of falling for patients (Brawley, E. 2008). The dementia-friendly environment model applies the principle of free movement of the dementia patient. The location of the toilet should be easily accessible for patients at all time hence they can move at a very easy way without challenge or risk. This implies that toilets or washrooms should be clearly visible from other rooms where the patients stay or spend most of their times. The doors of toilets or any other rooms need to open in simplest way that supports movement of these patients. According to Davis, S. et al (2009), the environment where patients leave should be friendly enough to show the patients good quality of life necessary. Lighting of the path to toilets needs to be passive infra red that is ease to detect by patients. The main ideas of the dementia-friendly environment model are to provide person-centered care to the dementia patients. Familiar space is another principle that support environmental friendly model of dementia care. Brawley, E. (2006) study describe the space where the dementia patients to be normal, familiar which is easy for the dementia persons to adapt to without struggles. Familiar space also applies the element of colours in designing rooms so as to reduce challenges for mastering room furniture and paths. Familiar space can also be designed using contrasting paint colours to identify objects for these dementia patients. Brawley, E. (2008) shows that mirror reflections should be avoided as they bring confusion to the dementia patients when they glare at the mirror. If there is any mirror in the washrooms, those mirrors are covered by blind colours that look like other colours in the space. Linking the dementia patients with the community around is one of the key features of environmental friendly model that makes use of dementia-friendly community care services. WHO. (2012) study state the like of the dementia people with community as based on respect, understanding mutual support. This claim is further explained as upholding of the dignity of patients and respecting them with the view to delimiting their connection with community or other people in their surroundings. The Alzheimer Society (2016) also shows that the community needs to understand dementia people, their choice, and control of their lives. It therefore, means that these dementia people should find their own way and feel safe. Community link also make patients feels the sense of belonging to the society as oppose to alienation. Environmental care audit is another principle that also works in dementia-friendly model to help dementia patients feel comfortable. Environment audit assists in looking at various environmental plans available for designing of dementia-friendly rooms. Dementia Enabling Websites (2016) has come up with the easiest way to assess the ward or any other care facility for the requirement to make it friendly to the dementia people. Dementia enabling environments offers important information on care, audit tools, principles and designs for dementia-friendly environments. One of the basic principles of dementia environmental friendly model is people interaction. Interactions of the dementia people as per MacRae, H. (2011) take various angles such as care giver-patient, patient-patient and patient-community levels. The nursing in charge of dementia-friendly facility initiate a friendly environment with maximum patient caregiver interaction. This interaction makes the dementia patients feel comfortable and any necessary assistance is readily provided. When designing dementia-friendly toilets the architect should be in such a way the maximize interaction will minimizing any challenging moment that reduce freedom of patients (Brawley, E. 2008). The dementia-friendly environment model is person based model and considers the following factors: toilets and bathroom, room design, flexibility to adapt, contrasting colours. Firstly, designing of toilets and bathrooms require professional knowledge in understanding the nature of dementia patients (Brawley, E. 2008). Dementia-friendly toilets should be safer and have ability to take care of rising dementia conditions populations in the currents society. Secondly, the flexibility of the toilets is important as it had to allow patient to easily adapt to the environment. Thirdly, calours of the walls and floor is good for dementia-friendly environments (Brawley, E. 2006). Cost-effectiveness of model focus on low cost of implementing the model according to Delavande, A., et al (2013), when commenting on the implementation highlighted that the dementia-friendly environment approach has only innovative design without many other requirements. The main reason behind cost-effectiveness of the model lies on the development phase of implementation. Furnishing of buildings can be done without necessarily constructing new buildings. MacRae, H. (2011) argues that depending on the size of current dementia-friendly ward, renovation can be done fitting the new features such as hand grills, new toilet seats, repairing of floors and repainting of wall. Moreover, the new wards just commence work immediately after renovation. This did not contradict similar research done by Delavande, A., et al (2013) that state that to reduce the higher cost of constructing new wards the old rooms need to be renovated with view to continue using them. Implementation phase of the dementia-friendly environment Implementation of the dementia-friendly environment model makes use of normal factors that affect any new technology or idea. Based on the research available it is critical that environmental friendly model be implemented in current dementia environmental friendly workplace that include toilet (Mental Health Commission 2012). Implementation takes six basic stages that include initiation, definition stage, designing stage, development stage, actual testing of project. Initiation stage of dementia-friendly environment At the initiation stage the model is introduced to the management team upon the conviction and evaluation, the proposal for its importance. The management team has to decide whether the model can work in the current workplace or not (Hornillos, C et al 2012). Based on the available knowledge the hospital management team evaluate on the funds required to develop and implemented. Stakeholders or partners are also identified at the initiation stage with the aim of familiarizing them with the project to be implemented. Upon the evaluation the hospital management had to decide on financing the proposal. According to Davis, S. et al (2009), initiation stage determine whether the program will continue, should be improved or the program does not work. Terms of operation under which the project will run are set at this initiation phase. As nursing professional in the dementia-friendly environment that need improvement I will write and present the proposal to the hospital management team. Definition stage of implementation At the definition stage objectives of the project are clearly out lined and stakeholders roles are clearly outlined. The definition stage of the implementation of dementia-friendly environment model involves bringing together stakeholders that are part of the project. Aud, A. (2004) indicates that various stakeholders such as architects, health care officials, health managements and community are invited to share the idea to be implemented. Firstly, architects are the key stakeholders as they are involved in the next phase of implementation of the model. Secondly, health care officials normally take care of patient and therefore are part of the implementation of the model. Thirdly, management team is the decision makers that give the recommendation on funds needed and go ahead to implement the model (Barnes, M. Brannelly, T. 2008). Fourthly, creation of awareness in the community around on the importance of the project and bringing them on board is important part of implementation s tage of the model. In addition, the community should also be given chance to give their opinion on the project. Designing phase The designing phase of implementing model involves developing of building plan or renovation plans that is necessary for developmental stage. Innovative designers are involved in designing or developing of plans that give location and the way dementia-friendly ward look like. A good plan is equivalent to the expected result or outcome of the program. According to Brawley, E. (2006) and Brawley, E. (2008), after drawing of building or renovation plan, the plan needs to be put into the reality through actual renovation or construction. Development phase Construction or renovation involves building new ward if the funds are available or renovation of the existing buildings to reduce cost of construction. At this stage application of contrasting colours, fitting of grills and toilets seats are done that assist dementia patients to use these wards. This stage of implantation takes into account factors that have been proved to influence designing and building of any public buildings. There are various factors that are considered when implementing or designing of environmental friendly ward such toilets as a way of implementing dementia friendly environment model. These factors are socio-cultural factors, demographic factors, environmental factors and ethical consideration. Lou, F. (2012), describes age as the main demographic factors that are applied in designing of the dementia-friendly toilets. The research further indicates that toilets should be designed in such a way that minimise any absolute risk associated with dementia patients while in the washrooms. Similar research by Brawley, E. (2008) also shows that old dementia people need carefully designed toilets to minimize any reflection on surfaces by the use of contrasting colors. This is due to the fact that old patients has high risk of losing vision and need clearly designed objects. Health care facility with older dementia patients requires toilets that are flexible to adapt to as compared to the relatively younger patients. In addition, as Hoof, J. (2009) put it that toilets for different age groups among patients is important since it reduces any unnecessary controversies that arises during interaction of dementia patients. As Brawley, E. (2006) and Brawley, E. (2006) makes a clear understa nding that in Australia a total of 20 dementia patients were used and proved to effectively use a single friendly toilet. Socio-culturing factors play a critical role in implementation of environmental friendly model of dementia. Firstly, socio-cultural behaviour of the local community is important as the patients need to have a connection with their communal practices so as not to feel alienated. Accessibility of water in the toilets as a way of cleaning after using the toilet according to Kontos, P. (2004), study is equally important. Position of water taps and toilet sits is important as various groups prefer different location depending on socio-cultural beliefs of individual. Secondly, socio-cultural influence on dementia-friendly architect done in India shows that community behaviour influences patients preferences in terms of washrooms they need or prefer to use (Parimita, R et al 2015). According to this study, community belief and customs influence roof type, doors and personal adaptation to rooms they use. Thirdly, Brawley, E. (2006) concluded that habit, cultural beliefs, gender and sanitatio n rituals affect the design and adaptation of various facilities in dementia-friendly environments. Environmental factors such as land appearance, the location of facilities, space and accessibility are important in implementing dementia-friendly model (Barnes, M. Brannelly, T. 2008). Firstly, appearance of the land where toilets are located should not pose risk to the dementia patients but instead should be good enough for ease of accessing with minimal help. Secondly, location of the dementia-friendly toilet is key to those elderly patients has difficulty in walking around without support of the caregiver. Various clues should be use that is easy to remember and follow even after a long time by these dementia patients. Dementia Care, (2015) cite environment as one of factor that influence adaptability of the patient to their wards. Thirdly, space in the dementia-friendly rooms also play role in helping patients used various facilities. According to Lou, F. (2012), familiar space as environmental factor offers friendly moment for patients to use at their own way. Finally, accessi bility of dementia-friendly ward or toilets makes it easy for orientation and adaptation of patient to their environment. Execution phase Execution phase is further divided into two that include opening or launching of the wards and patients admission into the dementia-friendly wards. A study on improvement of dementia-friendly ward by Sherry L. et al (2011) further shows that the two sections of execution can also work simultaneously. Opening or launching of dementia-friendly ward The third stage of implementing the model involves launching or opening of buildings after renovation. Lynne M. (2012) notices that launching of the project is important as it involve bring community around for effective use of the project. Launching can take the angle of public awareness direction. Creation of awareness has been effective way to mobilize the community around the facility as a goal to reach dementia patients wherever they. As stated by the ministry of health the main aim of the dementia-friendly environment is to serve as many clients as possible. In addition, another research conducted by Hornillos, C et al (2012) shows that bringing community as awareness strategy initiates connection between the health care and the public that can be exploited for development purposes. Furthermore, community serves as source of employment of other required non-medical staffs. At advance level Jolley, D., Benbow, S. (2000) describe that community offers linkage to dementia patient s that make them feel comfortable as oppose to alienation. Patient admission into the dementia-friendly wards Patient admission is the part of the execution phase of the project as it involves testing the effectiveness of the project. At this stage Weuve, J., et al (2013) highlight that there is the need for providing guidelines based on the professional training the healthcare officials have learn so as to assist patients. Some socio-cultural factors about patients are also considered at this stage to ensure they are comfortable with the new systems. Changes in the management of the dementia-friendly wards and quality improvement strategies Sherry L. et al (2011) when commenting on the improvement of dementia care describe that the primary change that needs to done by management is the perception of dementia condition by health care management. There have been different theories put forward to bring changes according to Chenoweth, L., Jeon, Y. (2007). Some of the most highlighted changes include monitoring and evaluation of dementia-friendly ward, initiation of early interventions, development of interRAI assessment, training of caregivers and development of advance care plan Initiation of early interventions as strategy need to be developed to help appreciate the programs upon dementia diagnosis. Management has to initiate the necessary interventions that are done to patient after being diagnosed with dementia. According to the Ministry Of Health (2013), early interventions are meant to offers support to newly diagnosed dementia patient through enrolling them to the dementia-friendly ward. In addition, the patient is introduced to the family unit within the dementia community with the aim of sourcing financial support to use while caring for patients. Development of clinical assessments plans (interRAI) is another change that is adapted by the hospital management team. According to Murray Alzheimer Research and Education Program (PAREP) (2011), there is need for development of comprehensive clinical assessment plan. Clinical assessment is meant to identify medical needs of the dementia patient for the medical team to offer any medical care needed. I would play role of promoting my professional experience during clinical assessment dementia patient within the dementia-friendly ward. For the time I have worked in dementia-friendly ward the experience I have developed and this I will promote to assist clinicians to come up with solution to risk associated with dementia condition mostly in elderly patients. In addition, I have identified patients weakens that is important in designing their environments. Development of advance care plan Management process of the dementia-friendly wards needs articulation of advance care plan. Advance care plan as defined by the Ministry of Health (2013) plan developed incorporating patients goal, choice and preference during good care practice. The management of the ward ensures that the elements of care that the client needs are documented for future reference (Gibson, G. (2007). Any medical treatment to be provided to the client also uses the documented advance care plan to identify patients medical needs. This implies that there is need for improvement of documentation as strategy to ensure there is high quality of service delivered to patients. Advance care plan as per Cheston, R. et al (2000), therefore serves as a good planning tool to help effectively manage dementia patients. Development of advance care plan also requires family of the dementia patient to be involved in decision making and how the patient will be supported. As part of management process and quality improvement strategy, training of care givers and other health care officials that has role to play in dementia-friendly ward is important. According to the Local Government Association (2015), training of care givers on new outlook of dementia phenomenon is key management strategies that have worked in United Kingdom. The secret behind the success involves orientation of caregivers on the features of new dementia-friendly environments. Some of the areas that are improved are the general appearance of the ward in terms of colours and texture of both walls and floor. Care givers need to learn the importance of contrasting colours such as that are used for easy identification of objects. Personally I can assist in training of care givers on importance of new furniture and other materials such as mat used in floors to cover slippery spaces so as to reduce risk of fall to patients. As a professional nurse I have a critical role to play in the implementation of dementia-friendly environment model in my workplace. Nursing profession has a strong connection to the care of dementia patients hence it will be easy to participate in implementation. My role specifically include: offering evidence that need improvement, promoting my professional experience on dementia conditions (Bell, V. et al 2008). According to Brawley, E. (2006), as professional nurse based on the knowledge I have accumulated in the past working with dementia patients I would recommend areas that need to be improved in the dementia-friendly ward. Leibrock, C. (2000) stated that implementation when construction is rarely required can take one year. Similarly, in India three years has been effective for implementation of dementia-friendly environment model. The scope of this model covers time frame of one year to maximize its usefulness while minimizing delay to the community. Therefore, the best time frame for the development and implementation of the new dementia model in the hospital can take the form shown below Conclusion In conclusion, there are many models that have been developed to advance knowledge on dementia care. Literature offers dementia-friendly environment as the best model that can be used to improve methods and feature of dementia care system in hospitals and other health care facilities. Upon implementation of environmental friendly model nursing professions act as a good care giver within the dementia-friendly ward such as toilets. The implementation of the dementia-friendly environment proves to be cost effective as it presents the chance of renovating the currents structures as alternative to building new structures. In conjunction, there are also changes in the hospital management process that need to make to ensure quality improvement. The dementia friendly environment can also be applied in other care facilities to help make the dementia people feel comfortable and care for in the society. Reference Aud, A. (2004). Dangerous wandering: Elopements of older adults with dementia from long-term care facilities. American Journal of Alzheimers Disease and Dementias, 19(6), 361-368. Barnes, M. Brannelly, T. (2008). Achieving care and social justice for people with dementia. Nursing Ethics 15(1): 384395. Bell, V. et al (2008). The Best Friends Book of Alzheimers Activities Volume 2. Baltimore: Health Professions Press Inc. Brawley, E. (2008). Lighting: Partner in quality care environments. Proceedings of the Creating Home National Symposium and Invitational Workshop. Washington, D.C.: Pioneer Network. Brawley, E. (2006). Design innovations for aging and Alzheimers diseases: Creating caring environments. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Chenoweth, L., Jeon, Y. (2007). Determining the efficacy of Dementia Care Mapping as an outcome measure and a process for change: A pilot study. Aging Mental Health, 11, 237245. Clare, L et al (2008). Collective strength: the impact of developing a shared social identity in early-stage dementia. Dementia, 7, 930. Cheston, R. et al (2000). Involving people who have dementia in the evaluation of services: A review. Journal of Mental Health, 9, 471480. Christie, J. Cunningham, C. (2011), Caring for People with Dementia in Hospital Settings. Dementia Skills Series. New South Wales: Hammond Press. Carroll, M. (2008). Dealing with Dementia: The Psychological Issues of Caregiving, West Australia. Davis, S. et al (2009). Guiding design of dementia-friendly environments in residential care settings: Considering the living experiences. Dementia, 8(2), 185-203. Delavande, A., et al (2013). Monetary costs of dementia in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 368:1326-1334. Dementia Care, (2015). Housing options for people with dementia. Newcastle, U.K: Bradbury Centre. Accessible at www.dementiacare.org.uk Dewing, J. (2007). Participatory research: A method for process consent with persons who have dementia. Dementia, 6, 1125. Fleming, R. Bennett, K. (2014). Key principles for improving healthcare environments for people with dementia. Aged Health Network, ACI. Gibson, G. (2007). Music and the wellbeing of people with dementia. Ageing and Society, 27(1), 127-145. Hoof, J. (2009). Supportive living environments: A first concept of a dwelling designed for older adults with dementia. Dementia, 8(2), 293-316. Hornillos, C et al (2012). Support groups for caregivers of Alzheimer patients: A historical overview. Dementia, 11, 155169. Jolley, D., Benbow, S. (2000). Stigma and Alzheimers disease: Causes, consequences and a constructive approach. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 54, 117119. Kontos, P. (2004). Ethnographic reflections on selfhood, embodiment and Alzheimers disease. Ageing Society, 24, 829849. Kelly, F. and Innes, A. (2010). End of Life Care for People with Dementia: A Best Practice Guide. Stirling: University of Stirling, Dementia Services Development Centre. Lou, F. (2012), The comparison of dementia patient's quality of life and influencing factors in two cities. Journal of clinical nursing: 12032: Shandong University School of Nursing Leibrock, C. (2000). Design details for health: Making the most of interior designs healing potential. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Local Government Association (2015), Dementia-friendly communities Lynne M. (2012). Breaking New Ground: The Quest for Dementia-friendly Communities. University of Warwick, London: Housing Learning Improvement Network. MacRae, H. (2011). Self and other: The importance of social interaction and social relationships in shaping the experience of early-stage Alzheimers disease. Journal of Aging Studies, 25, 445456. Mental Health Commission (2012). Improving mental health and wellbeing for all New Zealanders, how things need to be. Wellington: Mental Health Commission. Molnar, J., et al. (2012). Review of the Barriers and Enablers to Diagnosis and Management of Persons with Dementia in Primary Care. Canadian Geriatrics Journal 15(3):85-94. Murray Alzheimer Research and Education Program (PAREP) (2011). By Us for Us Guide: Before-Early Diagnosis. Waterloo, ON: Murray Alzheimer Research and Education Project. N.T.G. (2012). My Thinkers not working: A national strategy for enabling adults with intellectual disabilities affected by dementia to remain in their community and receive quality supports. Chicago: National Task Group on Intellectual Disabilities and Dementia Practice. Palliative Care Council of New Zealand (2012), New Zealand Palliative Care Glossary. Wellington: Palliative Care Council of New Zealand, Hospice New Zealand and the Ministry of Health. Parimita, R et al (2015). Socio-cultural and behavioural factors constraining toilets adoption in dementia-friendly environment. BMC Public health Ryan, T., et al (2002), Towards a more inclusive vision of dementia care practice and research. Dementia, 1, 193211. Sampson, E.L. (2010). Palliative care for people with dementia. British Medical Bulletin, 96, 159-174; Sherry L. et al (2011), Moving beyond patient and client approaches: Mobilizing authentic partnerships in dementia care, support and services. University of Waterloo, Canada: Sage Publishers. Weuve, J., et al (2013). Alzheimer disease in the United States estimated using the 2010 Census. Neurology, 80(19): 177883. WHO. (2012). Dementia: public health priority. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Mungo Park Essays - African Great Lakes, Lake Tanganyika

Mungo Park Mungo Park was a Scottish explorer who led one of the first expeditions to investigate the course of the Niger river in Western Africa. Mungo Park was a 23 year-old scottish surgeon surgeon who had just returned from a journey to Sumatra on a ship of the East India Company. There he had discovered 6 species of fish, he had published descriptions in a Scientific Journal. In 1795, Park had gone to Piscina, on an offer to research further into Africa. Park had accepted and a severe fever overcame him during his journey. Park also had been captured by certain muslim leaders. After he had got out of the Prison he had wandered around and had finally found the Niger River. Park was amazed at how beautiful the River was. Park had stated "I saw with infinite pleasure, the object of my, mission". Park had returned home to London where became famous on his publications of his voyage across Africa. Later in 1806 he sailed downstream to the Bussa rapids, where he drowned, trying to escape an attack by the Africans. Rene Callie Rene Callie was a 27 year old man who was fascinated by the stories told about peoples travels to Africa. His readings of Mungo park also stimulated his fascination. Callie had entered a contest for the first person to reach Timbuktu and reach back. He had reached Timbuktu. During Callie's trip he did not find it easy to prove to the French Authorities that a young man with no experience could discover Timbuktu. On his way back Callie had joined a Arab Caravan preparing to cross from Western Sahara to Morocco. Callie had stated "I am the first European to cross from the sandy ocean from the south to the north". On his return to Paris, Callie was known as a hero. Later, questions were asked if he was telling the truth or not. Johann Rebmann Johann Rebmann was a German missionary, who was not like Mungo Park or Rene Callie. The purpose of Rebmann's explorations is to find a place where he might serve God. His most helpful weapon was a umbrella, which he used to fight off lions and would be attackers. Rebmann was the european explorer who kept a careful record of his journey. Together with his partner he paved the way for later explorers. Rebmann had found the Mount Kilimanjaro which was located in Tanzania. His missionary work was more difficult than his exploration efforts. David Livingstone David Livingstone was a scotsman who also was intrigued by the mysteries of vast unexplored areas of South Africa. He as Johann Rebmann was also a missionary. ivingstone started working at a mission in sotho and had also left because of dissagreements with the boers. In 1849 Livingstone had gone with 2 game hunters to be an interpreter for an expedition northward. They had gone north to Lake Ngami in Botswana but they could not go further because of Livingstone's families' sickness at the time. After about a year Livingstone resumed his explorations. Livingstone had heard tales of the rushing waters of the Zambezi River. He wanted to know the source of this River. Livingstone had to return to England for his families safety and when he returned his mission was destroyed by boers. Livingstone was ill and tired but he kept on his journey. In 1855 Livingstone had gone about two thousand miles when he reached the Victoria Falls. Livingstone had returned to Engaland in 1856. In 1862 Livingstone had returned to Central Africa with a backing of the British Government. He was on his journey and he become sick and was in a African hut for 6 months. Livingstone had been in Central Africa for 8 years and the outside world had little information of his health and his whereabouts. In 1871 Henry Stanley a 28 year-old foriegn correspondent had heard rumors that a white man was living at the Vilage of Ujiji near lake Tanganika. On November 10,1871 Stanley entered the village and there he found the sick Livingstone. Stanley had brought the correct medical supplies to let Livingstone recover. In 1872 both Stanley and Livingstone had gone to explore lakes and rivers of Central Africa. Livingstone had died and was remembered

Comparitive Policing essays

Comparitive Policing essays Singapore is a country located in South-East Asia, it is an island between Malaysia and Indonesia with a population of approximately 3,490,356. There are four official languages used in Singapore, these being Chinese, Malay, Tamil and English. Singapore is a Republic within the Commonwealth and gained its independence from Malaysia on the 9th of August 1965. It is a modern democracy with a unicameral parliament, having a president as the head of state. The government holds both an Executive and Legislative branch. The Executive branch consist of a chief of state: President ONG Teng Cheong (since 1 September 1993), head of government: Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong and Deputy Prime Ministers LEE Hsien Loong and Tony TAN Keng Yam. The President appoints the Cabinet, they are responsible to the Parliament. Elections for president are by popular vote and office is held for a six-year term. Following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed Prime Minister by the President so to are the deputy Prime Ministers. The Legislative branch is a unicameral Parliament for which members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms. There are five major political parties in Singapore, however, the Peoples Action Party (PAP) have been in power since Singapores independence. No other parties have yet won an election in Singapore. A number of strategies involving the civil legal processes (bankruptcy and libel) have been used to ensure that the opposition parties have remained ineffective. The Countrys Police force has come a long way since its foundation in 1819. The Singapore Police Force (SPF) can be compared to a State Police service within Australia, the total strength of the SPF is around 7,000 personnel. Policing in Singapore is based on the support and trust of the public as the heart of the SPF is its community Policing role. It relies ...

Advertising, Social and Economic Costs and Benefits Essay Example for Free

Advertising, Social and Economic Costs and Benefits Essay ? Tesco is in private sector, but it is a PLC, a public limited company, this is an international business, also it is in primary. Tesco is doing service by providing food to its customers. Tesco exist, so people can buy food, they do their own products also, this company exists for making profit. Tesco makes profit by selling its products or making deliveries to customers. Tesco is trying to achieve , to be the best company Our vision is for Tesco to be most highly valued by the customers we serve, the communities in which we operate, our loyal and committed staff and our shareholders; to be a growth company; a modern and innovative company and winning locally, applying our skills globally. Tesco is a global business. Tesco is a public limited company (PLC) this means that the owners of Tesco are the shareholder. North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service- This is a public sector organization, it doesn’t make profit, because it’s service costs more than the amount of money people pay them for fire. This organization exist so when the people have fire or extreme situations they call fire and rescue service and they help them. In 2004 North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Authority developed a new focused Vision to reflect their broader function within the modernisation agenda. â€Å"Over the 10 years to 2014, in North Yorkshire and the City of York, 125 more people will still be alive through the work of the new Fire and Rescue Service. This will be due to the Service having significantly reduced the likelihood and severity of fire and other emergencies. We will achieve this through the dedication of our staff working in partnership with other agencies in the community†. This is a local company because it is North Yorkshire. Simply summarised as – The term â€Å"125 Alive† captures the Authority’s Vision in one simple phrase. It means that 125 people who might otherwise have died in an accident will be alive because of preventative action taken by the Fire and Rescue Service working in partnership with other agencies. The target will be achieved by a steady reduction year on year in fatalities in road traffic collisions and fires. The aims and objectives of this organization are to help people to rescue them away from dangerous things, and also to remove the fire away, so the people will be in safe. They are trying their best , so they will be the best from their competitors. P2 â€Å"describe the different stakeholders who influence the purpose of two contrasting organisations† M1 â€Å"explain the points of view from different stakeholders seeking to influence the strategic aims and objectives of two contrasting organisations† Stakeholders: A person, group, or organization that has direct or indirect stake in an organization because it can affect or be affected by the organization’s actions, objectives, and policies. Key stakeholders in a business organization include creditors, customers, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which the business draws its resources. Stakeholder Grouping| Interest| Tesco PLC| NY Fire & Rescue Service| Consumers/customers| They want high quality, value for money products. Customers often identify with the brands they buy. They like to see improvements that give them better value for money. | People who want to buy high quality food or other staff| This are the local people in the local area who wants to take the fire out| Employees/workers| The company provides them with a salary/money to live (a livelihood). They seek security, promotion opportunities, job satisfaction and rewards. | This are the workers in the stores, they are interested in security| This are the firemen, their job is to rescue people and to remove the fire for safety. | Suppliers| They want steady orders and payment for supplying stock. They also want to feel valued. People which supply different staff like water, food, drinks etc. They do it because they are sure that Tesco Is a successful business and if they are successful so they have a lot of profit , and suppliers are sure in Tesco and they have more orders cause Tesco has more customers| People, who supply the equipment, like the extinguishers. | Owners| They may be a sole trader or in a partnership. In a company it would be the shareholders. Often thought to be the most important stakeholder. They see themselves as the principal risk taker. They want to see share of profit increasing and the value of the business rising. So the owner of Tesco is the shareholders, they are interested in success of their business, they want Tesco to be the best, as every shareholder does. | The government is the owner of the NYFRS. The government wants to succeed this organization in their job, so people will be in safe. | Trade Unions| They represent the views of the employees of the business. They want higher wages and better conditions. | They want Tesco to be successful, because if Tesco is successful, so workers conditions will be better, because this stakeholder is interested in employees comfort and life. They are interested in firemen success and conditions, wages etc. So if firemen start to rescue people or removing fire more and more, so they could get salary and this is good for Trade Union, this is what they want. | Employer Associations| They are the employer’s equivalent of the TU. They represent the employer’s interests in specific associations. | Basically this stakeholder is equivalent Trade Union, they have quite the same interests, they also take care about the workers, but in specific way. | They are looking for the comfort of the firemen, in specific associations. Local communities| The actions of businesses can have a big effect on communities around them. They want improved facilities and provision of jobs. | Local communities wants Tesco to be considerate about the people who live nearby, considerate about the emotions and feelings. | This are the people who live near by the fire rescue service base, so when they have an emergency call they start to drive fast and a lot of noise etc. People want them to be considerate about them and to think about them, that people could be sleeping now, or doing something different when they can’t be disturbed. Governments| They want successful organisations which contribute to economic growth and provide jobs and tax revenue. They also like businesses that contribute towards the welfare of the country’s society. | Government wants Tesco to succeed, so the economy of the country would improve more and more, and more employees would be needed as the company will grow, so less unemployed people would be. | The government wants to succeed this organization in their job, so people will be in safe, and the country’s level of popularity would increase. Tesco: 1) Owners 2) Workers 3) Supplies 4) Customers 5) Government NYFRS: 1) Government 2) Workers 3) Suppliers 4) Customers 5) Local communities D1 â€Å"Evaluate the influence different stakeholders exert in ONE organization Tesco: 1) Directors – To be as strong in everything we sell as we are in food Directors are the stakeholders which have the most influence of the Tesco, because they can do everything what they want with the business, because it is theirs. They have ultimate control and power. If they want for example they can change the name from â€Å"Tesco† to something else etc. 2) Workers- To build our team so that we create more value Workers are the second most influence stakeholders in Tesco. This is because if there is no workers so the business can’t grow at all and it will fail, no workers, means no job done. But also if the workers would leave the Tesco, it is not such a big problem, because â€Å"Tesco† is well known successful business, and a lot of employees want to work for them. 3) Customers- To grow the UK core Customers are 3rd important stakeholders which have influence on Tesco. So if there would not be customers the business would not be able to make profit at all, so customers are also really important part of each business. If the Tesco loses the customers , so they will go to theirs opponent businesses, such as â€Å"Asda† and â€Å"Sainsbury’s†, and this could be because their would be not enough workers, or the customer service would be at low level. 4) Suppliers- To put our responsibilities to the communities we serve at the heart of what we do. Suppliers are last important stakeholders with influence on Tesco, because if the suppliers wont supply any products so Tesco would have to use its own products, but that wouldn’t make a lot of profit, and won’t be sustainable. If â€Å"Tesco† loses the suppliers, it is not a problem, because there are a lot of suppliers which are free and waiting for their chance, but if the suppliers were too good, this would be sad. P3 â€Å"Describe how two businesses are organised† TESCO: Span of control: The number of subordinates that a manager or supervisorcan directly control. This number varies with the type ofwork: complex, variable work reduces it to six, whereasroutine, fixed work increases it to twenty or more. Chain of Command: The  order  in which  authority  and  power  in an  organization  is wielded and delegated from  top management  to every employee  at every  level  of the organization. Instructions flow downward along the chain of command and accountability  flows  upward. The chart shows that Tesco has a different level of workers in its organization. These shows the mangers and members, whom they control. The managers take responsibility of what their assistants do. Manager of one job can’t control the assistants of other job manager, so everything is equal. The boss of everyone is the store director, after him is regional manager as you can see, and later is the store manager, and only than other managers of different jobs, and on the bottom of the chart are all of the assistants of all of the mangers. So in Tesco and in all other businesses the member of the working team can’t control anyone above him, or anyone or the same line, he can control only the people who are under him. It is very hard to control big organization. So, it will be better to break the organization into smaller parts. There are 4 main ways of breaking a business down into smaller sections: 1) By Function- What is the sense of each section? 2) By Location- Where is the section situated on the map? 3) By Product- Which service does the section belong to? 4) By Process- A customer staying approached on the other customers who are interested in Tesco. There are 2 main types of organizational structure: 1) Tall 2) Flat The difference between this two is that tall has more levels than flat , however in Flat Mangers there are wider span of control. . So, we can say that Tesco has Tall structure, because in Tesco’s Organizational Chart has a lot of levels. North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service: It is really hard to understand who is who, who is controlling whom, the table is a bit messy, and so I created a better one for you: But on Structure of Commission we can see that Director General has two lines. First, is that he should control 3 Directors, Corporate and Forestry, Central Services (HR, IT, Finance), Business Units, Forest Research. The North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service is looking so different comparing to Tesco’s. . In Forestry Commission General Director works with more employees, however in Tesco Director works just with managers. But The North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service’s type of organizational structure is Tall, because it has many lines. And Forestry Commission is organization by Location, because they are separated on different locations, they have 3 directs in same country. Task 2 1) Finance addresses the ways in which individuals, business entities and other organizations allocate and use monetary resources over time. It helps Tesco with finance. 2) Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. ) The act or process or producing, bringing forth, or exhibiting to view; as, the production of commodities, of a witness. That which is produced, yielded, or made, whether naturally, or by the application of intelligence and labor; as, the productions of the earth; the productions of handicraft; the productions of intellect or genius. 4) Customer S ervice is the commitment to providing value added services to external and internal customers, including attitude knowledge, technical support and quality of service in a timely manner 5) Sales- Total dollar amount collected for goods and services provided. While payment is not necessary for recognition of sales on company financial statements, there are strict accounting guidelines stating when sales can be recognized. The basic principle is that a sale can only be recognized when the transaction is already realized, or can be quite easily realized. This means that the company should have already received a payment, or the chances of receiving a payment are high. In addition, delivery of the good or service should have taken place for the sale to be recognized. ) Human resources- is a term used to describe the individuals who make up the workforce of an organization, although it is also applied in labor economics to, for example, business sectors or even whole nations. Human resources is also the name of the function within an organization charged with the overall responsibility for implementing strategies and policies relating to the management of individuals. Task 3 I will tell now, what makes Tesco and Forestry Commission similar an d what makes them different. Firstly, they both have General Director, and he has helpers. But in Forestry Commission General Director has more employees (they are: 3 directors and other staff members), however in Tesco, Director has just one helper. Secondly, this two organizations have two different, smaller parts. Tesco has broken down on process and North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service by Location. Last thing which I want to say is that, they have the same type of organization – it’s â€Å"Tall†. They have many levels and lines, which helps them to control their business. P4 â€Å"explain how their style and organization helps them to fulfill their purpose† Advertising, Social and Economic Costs and Benefits. (2018, Nov 09).